Daphne Odjig

1919–2016

Daphne Odjig was a revered visual artist whose international acclaim reflects the deep impact of her work. Celebrated as the "grandmother of First Nations art," her contributions have profoundly shaped Canadian art and inspired countless individuals. Her journey, marked by resilience and creativity, continues to touch hearts and ignite admiration far beyond the art world.

Daphne Odjig lived a long and remarkable life, marked by both challenges and achievements. Born and raised on the Wikwemikong Unceded Indian Reserve on Ontario's Manitoulin Island, she was deeply connected to her roots. Her father, Dominic Odjig, a World War I veteran of Ojibwa-Odawa heritage and the village constable, married an Englishwoman named Joyce Peachey during the war. He later brought her to Canada, where their blended family became a cornerstone of Daphne’s upbringing and artistic perspective.

The family had four children—two daughters and two sons—with Daphne being the eldest. Life was not easy, as they lacked modern conveniences like running water and electricity, but they were surrounded by the simplicity of rural life, with cows, pigs, and a lovely apple orchard around their home. These formative experiences would later inspire Daphne’s drawings, capturing her cherished memories of life on the reserve.

House Full of Memories from the Series of Old Memories, 1972
Source: http://odjig.com/

Odjig Family; Father, Mother, Grandfather, Stanley, Daphne, Donald, Winnie, Xmas, Dec 25th, 1986
Art Gallery of Ontario

Odjig House full of memories 1972

The parents adored their children and were dedicated to their education. They enrolled Daphne at the Jesuit Mission in Wikwemikong, where she excelled academically, with a particular passion for art. This affinity for creativity was no surprise, given her parents' own artistic talents: her mother was a gifted embroiderer, her father drew vivid scenes of his wartime experiences, and both were talented singers. Reflecting on their family's artistic heritage, Odjig once said:

Most notably, her time in Toronto provided her with the opportunity to explore museums, libraries, and exhibitions. Immersed in European art, she began studying it closely by meticulously copying paintings of renowned artists and delving into books about art history. Daphne Odjig developed a particular admiration for French masters and began emulating the Impressionists.

Over time, her interest expanded to the unique styles of Van Gogh and Picasso. Her early works clearly reflect the influence of these European painters, marking the beginning of her distinctive artistic journey.

Art has always been a part of our lives.

Daphne Odjig's paternal grandfather, Jonas Odjig, a descendant of the esteemed Potawatomi Chief Black Partridge, was a pivotal figure in her early artistic education. To Daphne, Grandfather Jonas was her first mentor.

When she fell seriously ill at 13 and had to leave school, she spent her days with her grandfather, who shared ancient legends, drew with her, and she watched him skillfully carve stone. It was through these experiences that Daphne learned the art of drawing.

Canadian women replaced men, 1943

Canadian women replaced men in many of the roundhouse jobs
during World War II. Here, two of them clean a fast freight locomotive, 1943
Credit: Nicholas Morant
National Film Board of Canada. Photothèque / Library and Archives Canada

Boy at Pump from the Series of the North, 1967
Source: http://odjig.com/

She was deeply moved by the vibrant, passionate dances and the national legends shared by the elder women of the community.

The experience overwhelmed her with emotion as she re-immersed herself in the world of her people.

Pow Wow Dancer, 1978
Private Collection

Jackson Beardy posing with one of his paintings. 1971.
Credit: University of Manitoba Archives & Special Collections -
Winnipeg Tribune Fonds.

Remarkably, her hand remained steady and skilled as a graphic artist until her final days.

Resources

In 1938, the deaths of Daphne’s mother and grandfather abruptly and tragically ended her childhood. Soon after, Daphne and her sister Winnifred left their hometown to make a living. They took on various jobs to support themselves. It was not until World War II that job prospects for women opened in Toronto, particularly in the military sector. Daphne found work first at the Planters Peanuts and Dr. Ballard's dog food plant, and later at the John Inglis factory, where she worked on the assembly line assembling Colt Browning guns.

Credit: Henning Jacobsen

Books and Articles

Bonnie Devine, Robert Houle, Duke Redbird. The Drawings and Paintings of Daphne Odjig: A Retrospective Exhibition. National Gallery of Canada, 2007

Joseph Sanchez, Tom Hill, Barry, Ace, Lee-Ann Martin, Cathy Mattes, Carmen Robertson, Viviane Gray, Michelle LaVallee, and Duane Linklater. 7: Professional Native Indian Artists Inc. by Mackenzie Art Gallery, 2014

Jann LM Bailey, Morgan Wood. Daphne Odjig: 4 Decades of Prints. [catalog] by Kamloops Art Gallery, 2005

Lucy Kay Riley. Daphne Odjig: Indigenous Art and Contemporary Cultural Practices. Hunter College The City University of New York, 2020 https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1713&context=hc_sas_etds

Nanabush and the Dancing Ducks. Retold and illustrated by Daphne Odjig. Ginn and Co., 1971

Nanabush and the Spirit of Winter. Retold and illustrated by Daphne Odjig. Ginn and Co., 1971

Treaty Numbers 23, 287, 1171: Three Indian Painters of The Prairies : [exhibited at] the Winnipeg Art Gallery, August 12-October 10, 1972 : [catalog] by Winnipeg Art Gallery, 1972

Elizabeth McLuhan (Author), Tom Hill. Norval Morrisseau and the Emergence of the Image Makers. Carswell Legal / Art Gallery of Ontario / Methuen, 1982

Carmen Robertson. Norval Morrisseau: Life & Work  

Shirley Madill. Robert Houle: Life & Work

Daphne treasured her childhood memories, holding close the warmth and love that filled her home. The gentle, comforting emotions from those early years stayed with her throughout her life, leaving an indelible mark on her art and soul.

My Grandfather, Jonas Odjig, 1978
Private Collection

The line was a defining element in her work, imparting a unique allure and shaping her artistic style. Odjig believed that the line was essential in bringing her paintings to life. 

If you looked at my painting before I got my formline on, you probably wouldn’t distinguish what I’m doing. But by the time I got my formline on, everything is in balance, and it’s there.
— Daphne Odjig

Family Walk, 2016
Private Collection

Infinite Cycle, 1961
National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa

Chemahawin Cabin from the Series of the North, 1967
Source: http://odjig.com/

Nanabush and the Dancing Ducks [Red],
ca 1970
The Canadian Museum of History

The association hosted several notable exhibitions during the 1970s, beginning with a show in Winnipeg in 1974. This was followed by exhibitions at the Dominion Gallery in Montreal in 1975 and at both the Wallack Galleries in Ottawa and Art Emporium in Vancouver within the same year.

These exhibitions were groundbreaking, affirming the authenticity of First Nations painting as a vital art form. They underscored that a complete and accurate portrayal of Canadian culture would be incomplete without this art.

The showcases acted as a catalyst for the continued creative evolution of First Nations culture and opened new avenues for artistic expression.

These paintings often carry a philosophical depth, exploring concepts such as the cycle of life, eternity, and immortality.

Indians of Canada Pavilion (aerial view), 1967.
Credit: Library and Archives Canada / Canadian Corporation
for the 1967 World Exhibition

Daphne Odjig

Museums, Archives and Galleries

Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada

Brandon University/S. J. McKee Archives, Brandon, MB, Canada

Canadian Museum of History, Gatineau, QC, Canada

City of Toronto, ON, Canada

Gallery Gevik, Toronto, ON, Canada

Government of Ontario Art Collection, Toronto, ON, Canada

Indigenous Art Centre, Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada, Gatineau, QC, Canada

Kamloops Art Gallery, BC, Canada

Library and Archives, Ottawa, ON, Canada

Manitoba Museum, Winnipeg, MB, Canada

McMichael Canadian Art Collection< Kleinburg, ON, Canada

National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada

National Gallery of Canada Library and Archives, Dominion Gallery Fonds, Ottawa, ON, Canada

Portage College Museum of Aboriginal Peoples’ Art and Artifacts. Lac La Biche, Lac La Biche campus. AL, Canada

University of Manitoba Archives & Special Collections - Winnipeg Tribune fonds, Winnipeg, MB, Canada


Pillar of Strength, 1978
Private Collection

Pride, 1981
Private Collection

My World, Their World, 1979
Private Collection

Motherhood, 1978
Private Collection

In Tune with the Infinite, 2004
Private Collection

Daphne's persistent contemplation of the subject matter is evident in her final works.

Daphne Odjig’s profound contributions to Canadian culture have been widely recognized and celebrated. She was awarded the Order of Canada and the Order of British Columbia and honored with the National Aboriginal Achievement Award and the Governor General's Laureate in Visual and Media Arts—Canada's highest accolade in the visual arts field. Additionally, she was an elected member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts (R.C.A.).

In a notable tribute to her artistic achievements, Chief Wakageshig presented her with the Eagle Feather on behalf of the Wikwemikong Reserve. This honor, traditionally reserved for men to acknowledge their prowess in hunting or warfare, was bestowed upon her to recognize her exceptional contributions to art.

Throughout her life, Daphne Odjig received a wide range of accolades and was the subject of numerous books and at least three documentaries, further underscoring her significant impact on the cultural landscape.

The works of the self-taught artist are now housed in prestigious collections including the Indigenous Art Centre at Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada, the National Gallery of Canada, the McMichael Gallery, the Canadian Museum of History, Wilfrid Laurier University, the Kamloops Art Gallery, the Winnipeg Art Gallery, Gevik Gallery, El Al Airlines, and numerous other public and private collections. Her paintings have been showcased internationally, with exhibitions in New York, Los Angeles, Amsterdam, Tokyo, and Lahr, Germany.

Daphne Odjig passed away on October 1, 2016, gently fading into the brilliant and vibrant colors of a Canadian autumn.

Bonnie Devine, artist, curator, and writer, as well as Associate Professor in the Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences and Interdisciplinary Studies and Founding Chair of the Indigenous Visual Culture Program at OCAD University, wrote at that time:

Daphne Odjig has died. She was an inspiration and role model for generations of Indigenous artists past, and for generations of Indigenous artists to come; an exemplar of tenacity, guts and grace for those of us who continue the work of defining and securing the place of Indigenous visual culture in the art world of Canada.
— Bonnie Devine

Violet Carlson, Small Arms Manufacturing
October 13, 1943
Credit: John H. Boyd,
City of Toronto Archives

Winter Scene, 1947 (right)
Private Collection

Trees, 1963 (left, above)
Private Collection

Boats in Harbour, 1963 (left, below)
Private Collection

In 1945, Daphne Odjig, the daughter of a World War I veteran, found love with Paul Somerville, a veteran of the Second World War. The couple moved to British Columbia, where Paul started his own strawberry farm. They married, and Daphne became a stepmother to Paul’s son, David. In 1948, they welcomed another son, Stanley, into their family.

Daphne Odjig and her family settled in the Fraser Valley, near Cultus Lake. Despite her daily responsibilities, Daphne made time to study art, focusing particularly on the works of Emily Carr and Cornelius Krieghoff.

Passionate about painting, she dedicated herself to honing her skills with the goal of capturing the vibrant and picturesque Canadian landscape on canvas.

The Stream, 1963
Private Collection

In 1960, Daphne Odjig experienced a profound tragedy with the loss of her husband Paul in a car accident. In her grief, she channeled her emotions into creating a powerful artwork titled "Infinite Cycle." In this piece, the black figures symbolize her family, while the white, human-like forms surrounding them represent ancestral spirits offering guidance and support throughout life.

After managing her late husband's farm for two years, Daphne agreed to marry Chester Beavon, a longtime friend of her late husband. This decision marked the beginning of a dramatic shift in her fortunes.

Chester was appointed as a community development officer by the Manitoba government, taking on the responsibility of supporting the Chemawawin Cree Nation in northern Manitoba, who had been forced to leave their ancestral land. Daphne Odjig poured her heart into a series of poignant ink sketches, capturing the profound struggles and resilience of the displaced community. Her art vividly portrayed the emotional and physical toll of their relocation, reflecting a deep empathy for their plight.

These portraits are not figments of my imagination; they are real people and actual places. These I want to live forever through the medium of art.
— Daphne Odjig
Odjig Scraping Moose Hide 1967

Scrapping Moose Hide from the Series of the North, 1967
Source: http://odjig.com/

Daphne Odjig was driven by a profound desire to document the life of her people through her art, and among her creations was a touching portrait of her father, Dominic Odjig. After many years, she had the chance to return to her childhood haunts, attending the annual Wikwemikong Pow Wow and reconnecting with her native culture.

Odjig Pow Wow Dancer 1978

Portrait of Father, 1968
Private Collection

Inspired by this reconnection, Daphne Odjig began a new series of artwork featuring Nanabush, the half-human, half-spirit hero from indigenous oral traditions, known as the son of the West Wind and great-grandson of the Moon.

In 1971, she brought these stories to life by illustrating and retelling ten children’s books, collectively titled Tales of Nanabush.

Nanabush and the Spirit of Winter,
ca 1970
Library and Archives of Canada

Daphne Odjig was deeply committed to ensuring that the immense talent of the land’s first settlers was publicly acknowledged, and their rich heritage celebrated. To accomplish this, she fused the age-old art traditions of Canada's indigenous peoples with the modern techniques of European painting. Her unique style played a pivotal role in integrating indigenous art into the fabric of Canadian culture, marking a significant and transformative shift in the history of Canadian art.

Earlier, in 1967, the acclaimed artist Susan Ross (1915–2006) organized Daphne Odjig’s first solo exhibition at the Lakehead Arts Centre in Thunder Bay, Ontario. This landmark exhibition featured 78 of Odjig’s works, including pastels, drawings illustrating the struggles of the Chemawawin Cree, and paintings inspired by Ojibway legends.

Hauling Firewood from the Series of the North, 1967
Source: http://odjig.com/

Conflict of Good and Evil, 1966
National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa

Untitled-Animal Spirit, 1967
Private Collection

A spread from the Montreal magazine Secrets des Artistes (May, 3 1975) advertising Colours of Pride:
Paintings by Seven Professional Native Artists, 1975.

Moonlit Vigil, 1986
Private Collection

Themes of family, motherhood, and childhood are especially poignant in her work, reflecting her own experiences growing up in a loving and nurturing home and her roles as a devoted wife and mother. Her artworks radiate a profound sense of warmth and tenderness.

Online Resources

Canadian Art https://canadianart.ca/features/daphne-odjig-1919-2016/

Canada’s History https://www.canadashistory.ca/explore/first-nations-inuit-metis/headwaters-of-their-own-stream

The Globe and Mail https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/art-and-architecture/national-gallery-of-canada-exhibit-showcases-an-unbroken-indigenous-arthistory/article35602063/

The Journal of Creative Aging. Issue 9: Fall 2013

Art History Archive

artnet 

Canadian Art Value

eBay

Fine Art, Music, and Books

Hambleton Galleries

James Rottman Fine Art

LattimerGallery

Levis Fine Art Auctions and Appraisals

Mayberry Fine Art

MutualArt

Odjig Arts

RIBApix

Westbridge Fine Art

Wikimedia Commons

In 1968, Daphne Odjig's art was showcased in a subsequent exhibition in Brandon, promoted by Bernard Polly of the Brandon University Art Exhibition Committee, with support from the Manitoba Indian Brotherhood.

The Eternal Struggle, 1966
Indigenous Art Centre, Gatineau

Following her exhibitions, Daphne Odjig received two significant commissions. The first was a painting Earth Mother, created for the Canadian pavilion at Expo '70 in Osaka, Japan, where it caught the attention of Pablo Picasso.

Canadian Pavilion, Expo '70, Osaka.
Credit: Architectural Press Archive/RIBA Collection

Carl Ray, ca. 1960s.
Source: from the book "Norval Morrisseau
and the emergence of the image makers"

Norval Morrisseau, 1975.
Credit: National Gallery of Canada Library and Archives, Dominion Gallery Fonds.

Reflection from the Series of the North, 1967
Source: http://odjig.com/

Legend of the Rolling Head, 1967
Private Collection

Earth Mother, 1969
Private Collection

The second was a mural The Creation of the World, produced to celebrate Manitoba's centennial. This mural now proudly resides at the Manitoba Museum in Winnipeg.

Creation of the World, 1972 (above)
Manitoba Museum, Winnipeg

Manitoba Museum’s Welcome Gallery with a mural "Creation of the World" Credit: Manitoba Museum / Ian McCausland

Indians of Canada Pavilion 1967

In 1971, Daphne and her husband relocated to Winnipeg, Manitoba's main city and a crossroads between the cultures of Western and Eastern Canada.

In Winnipeg, Daphne Odjig connected with fellow Indigenous artists and created works that reflected the inequalities she had experienced during her youth, particularly those encountered while seeking employment.

At one point, she even temporarily changed her last name to something that sounded less distinctly Indigenous to navigate the challenges she faced.

Genocide № 1, 1971
National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa

During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Native artists still felt excluded from the mainstream Canadian art world. Despite Expo 67 in Montreal marking a significant cultural advancement, contemporary Indigenous art was still confined to a separate "Indians of Canada" pavilion, rather than being integrated into the broader exhibition.

This separation highlighted the ongoing challenges Indigenous artists faced in gaining recognition within the wider art community.

The Canadian Museum of History in Gatineau, Quebec, proudly displays one of Daphne Odjig’s most renowned works, *The Indian in Transition*. This 8-meter mural is often compared to Picasso's famous Guernica for its expressive power.

The painting serves as a symbolic representation of the history of Canada’s Indigenous peoples, capturing a pivotal moment for cultural revival and renewal.

The Indian in Transition, 1978
Canadian Museum of History, Gatineau

Daphne Odjig’s art transcended mere visual representation, becoming a powerful medium for expressing her rich inner world and creative vision. Through her paintings, she communicated her deepest feelings, hopes, and beliefs with a compelling clarity.

Return to Earth, 1976
Private Collection

Indians of Canada Pavilion, 1967.
Credit: Laurent Bélanger
Source: Wikipedia

Expo 67, Indians of Canada Pavilion.
Credit: Uploaded by Wikimedia user Laurent Bélanger

Daphne Odjig and Chester Beavon established Odjig Prints of Canada Ltd. in Winnipeg with the mission of integrating Native art into mainstream Canadian culture. They began with a modest print store that offered artwork and prints by talented Indigenous artists, alongside First Nations crafts and books of their legends and stories.

Odjig Indian Prints of Canada Ltd, promotion catalogue (cover), ca 1971. Courtesy of Indigenous Art Center, Crown-Indigenous Relations
And Northern Affairs Canada

As their vision grew, they expanded the store into the New Warehouse Gallery, which evolved into a significant exhibition space for Native artists and a vibrant meeting place for the community.

The New Warehouse Gallery became the birthplace of the Professional Native Indian Artists Incorporated (PNIAI), a pioneering collective that included Jackson Beardy, Eddy Cobiness, Alex Janvier, Norval Morrisseau, Carl Ray, Joseph Sanchez, and Daphne Odjig herself.

Mother and Child, 1980
Private Collection

Bundled and Ready, 2015
Private Collection

Perhaps in Another Time
or Another Age
, 2014-16
Private Collection

Family of Three, ca. 2016
Private Collection

Daphne Odjig, ca 1973
Credit: Courtesy of Indigenous Art Center, Crown-Indigenous Relations
And Northern Affairs Canada

Arms of Security, 1977
Private Collection

Unfortunately, the original building that housed the Warehouse Gallery has not been preserved.

Comforting, 1978
Private Collection

To Be Loved, 1980
Private Collection

Daphne Odjig, 1990
Credit: Barbara Woodley
Source: Library and Archives Canada

Alex Janvier, 1975.
Credit: National Gallery of Canada Library and Archives,
Dominion Gallery Fonds

Eddy Cobiness holds one of his paintings, ca 1974.
Credit: Indigenous Art Centre, Crown-Indigenous Relations
And Northern Affairs Canada.

Joseph Sanchez, 1975.
Credit: National Gallery of Canada Library
and Archives, Dominion Gallery Fonds.

The journalist Gary Scherbain (1942 – 2021), who later became the owner of the Wah-sa Gallery (formerly
the Warehouse Gallery), coined the term "The Indian Group of Seven." This title has since become the most recognized name associated with the group.


Credit: Gary Scherbain obituary
from https://www.ethicaldeathcare.com/scherbain-gary

From Mother Earth Flows the River of Life, 1973
Credit: The Canadian Museum of History, Gatineau

Conflict Between Good and Evil, 1975
Credit: McMichael Canadian Art Collection, Kleinburg

By presenting First Nations art across the country, these exhibitions quickly integrated Indigenous art into the broader Canadian art scene, providing Native artists with a renewed sense of relevance and creative freedom.

Untitled - Clouds of Memory, 1974
Private Collection

In the late 1970s, Daphne and Chester moved back to British Columbia, where Daphne Odjig had first gained recognition as an artist in 1963 and had become a member of the British Columbia Federation of Artists.

This return marked one of the most productive periods of her career. She was now able to build a spacious studio, providing her with the opportunity to create large frescoes that explored historical and philosophical themes.

A view from Daphne Odjig’s home on Lake Shuswap.
Credit: The Journal of Creative Aging. Issue 9: Fall 2013.

Daphne Odjig's paintings drew inspiration from the legends and stories of her people, incorporating intricate abstractions to express her reflections on themes of good and evil, the human journey, and cultural identity. She succinctly described the meaning and content of her work as follows:

I see my paintings as a celebration of life. My sub-conscious mind may well dictate some content and I’m content to leave it at that. I am uncomfortable with words - my paintings are perhaps my most honest and legitimate statement
— Daphne Odjig

Rebirth of a Culture, 1979
McMichael
Canadian Art Collection, Kleinburg

Roots (triptych), 1979
Government of Ontario Art Collection, Archives of Ontario.

Harmony and the Universe, 1986
Private Collection

Invitation to a PNIAI exhibition.
Credit: National Gallery Of Canada Library And Archives, Dominion Fonds, Indigenous Art Centre, Crown-Indigenous Relations And Northern Affairs Canada,
Courtesy Joseph Sanchez And The Mackenzie Art Gallery.

Video /Documentaries

Canada Art Channel. Daphne Odjig Artist at the McMichael.

Gallery Gevik. Daphne Odjig: Centenary

Museum of Toronto. Toronto Stories Live: Daphne Odjig

Portage College: Virtual Tour: Collection of Daphne Odjig Artwork

CBC News. Daphne Odjig dies at 97

Previous
Previous

Lawren Stewart Harris